pregnancy

Reading and Vocabulary Section

A. Read the following text without a dictionary, and try to get the message. Don’t worry if you don’t know some of the words.

Pregnancy is a natural process that involves big changes in a woman's body. It's different for everyone. Some women have long, difficult, uncomfortable pregnancies that change their daily lives right from the start. Others have fairly easy pregnancies and their daily routines may not change until the last few weeks before delivery. Most women experience emotional shifts and mood swings during pregnancy. It's natural to feel doubt, anxiety, and fear about pregnancy and childbirth, as well as happiness, excitement, and anticipation.

Pregnancy typically lasts 40 weeks (about 9 months). That time is divided into three sections called trimesters (three-month periods) during which different things happen to a woman's body and to the fetus.

The First Trimester (Weeks 1-12)

During the first trimester, a woman's body goes through many changes so that it can accommodate the growth and development of the fetus.

- Menstruation stops or becomes very light.

- Breasts become larger.

- The volume of blood circulating doubles.

- The uterus enlarges to about three times its normal size.

- "Morning sickness" occurs.

- Nausea and sometimes vomiting occur in many pregnant women. Don't be fooled by the name. Morning sickness can happen any time of day. It may help to eat small meals throughout the day, snack on crackers or toast, or drink juice or lemonade.

- Many women experience fatigue.

- Some women have bleeding at the time of a missed period during the first trimester.

- Constipation and heartburn are common.

The Second Trimester (Weeks 13-26)

The second trimester is often comfortable for the woman, as the discomforts felt in the first trimester have passed. It's during this time that other people can start to notice the pregnancy. Lots of women take on the "radiant glow" of pregnancy — caused not only by excitement but by an increased level of hormones that affects the skin.

- Water retention that causes swelling of the feet and ankles. (This is called edema).

- A woman can feel the fetus moving.

- Nosebleeds and nasal congestion.

- Breast enlargement and discharge.

- Hemorrhoids and varicose veins.

- Heartburn, indigestion, and constipation.

The Third Trimester (Weeks 27-40)

During this period, the shape of the abdomen changes a few weeks before the onset of labor as the fetus drops towards the opening of the pelvis.

- Movement of the fetus can be seen from the outside.

- The navel pushes out.

- Some women experience backaches.

- In order to accommodate the weight of the fetus women tend to walk differently.

- Finally, labor and delivery!

B. Read all of the statements below and make sure you understand them. Write “T” for true and “F” for false next to each of these statements.

No	Statements	T / F
1	Pregnancy is arbitrarily divided into trimester.
2	The mammalian blastocyst is characterized by an outer layer of cells.
3	Implantation usually is completed seven days after fertilization.
4	Geterone and estrogen are important hormones during pregnancy.
5	All of the HCG that passes into the mother’s blood is used in her ovaries during pregnancy.

.

predator and prey

Vocabulary and Reading Section

A. Read the following text without a dictionary, and try to get the message. Don’t worry if you don’t know some of the words.

Predator is the organism that feeds on another organism which is the prey. The predator is always bigger in size or possesses special features that are advantageous such as fangs, sharp claws, sharp eyesight, poisonous venom and others. The prey also usually possesses its own advantageous features to avoid predators such as the capability to run fast, fly, sharp eyesight, sharp hearing, horns and others.

In some animals, in order to avoid from being detected or eaten, these animals possesses features of other common other organisms which are avoided by predators. For example, the Monarch butterfly is poisonous and tastes bad for birds. The Viceroy butterfly is edible but looks very similar to a Monarch butterfly. Therefore, they are avoided by birds too. Such a phenomenon is called mimicry. Grasshoppers are green in color. This will make them blend in with the green background and can’t be easily overlooked by predators.

To be able to live successfully, an organism has to adapt itself to the environment that surrounds it. In the effort to adapt itself, the organism usually possesses special features of functions, behavior and structures. Fish can live in water because of the presence of the gills to make respiration possible. Cactus can live in the deserts successfully because of its long roots to reach for ground water, tiny leaves and waterproof cuticle to prevent evaporation. Camouflage is a common feature of organism in adapting themselves to their environment. Moth has the pattern and colors that fits into its background such as the wood. This way, its predator may overlook the moth thus ensuring the safety of the moth.

B. Find out the words from the text which have the same meaning as the words below.

1. have
2. get away from
3. the same as
4. creature
5. existence

Grammar revision

Change the following sentences into active form.

1. They are avoided by birds.
2. They can’t be easily overlooked by predators.
3. The prey is being eaten by the predator.
4. Grasshopper’s color is changed from brown into green.
5. The feather was flown by air.

Translation Section

Translate the following text.

The Stupid Donkey

A hungry lion slipped out of the forest into a barnyard one evening. When he saw a plump donkey, his mouth began to water. But just as he was ready to jump on the donkey, a rooster crowed. He was frightened, and so turned away into the forest again. “Hey, look at that cowardly lion,” the donkey brayed to the rooster. “I’m going to chase him.” And the donkey ran after the lion. “Wait!” the rooster shouted, “You don’t know that…” But it was too late. The lion had turned and killed the donkey. “Ah, my poor, stupid friend,” the rooster said as he watched the lion eating the donkey. “The lion wasn’t afraid of you, but of my crowing.”

on-line task

Dear students,

Here’s the on-line lesson. It’s about the application of your understanding about English tenses. Each of you will get similar task with different subject and verb.

You must submit your work in the blog with the post title “On-line task”.

To remind you on the sixteen English tenses, look at the example below:

Subject: A dog

Verb: bark

Form/time	Simple	Continuous	perfect	Perfect continuous
Present	A dog bark	A dog is barking	A dog has baked	A dog has been barking
Past	A barked	A dog was barking	A dog had barked	A dog had been barking
Future	A dog will bark	A dog will be barking	A dog will have barked	A dog will have been barking
Past future	A dog would bark	A dog would be barking	A dog would have barked	A dog would have been barking

You must make sixteen sentences with sixteen different tenses.

Here is the task for each of you:

1. Iis Fatmawati (a rose/bloom)

2. Silvia (roses/bloom)

3. Isni Amelia (wind/blow)

4. Dita Anindya N (a hen/breed)

5. Neneng Nurmawati (a cat/climb)

6. Cici Handayani (cats/climb)

7. M. Kurniawan (fish/swim)

8. Ridwan Alwialhudin (a horse/run)

9. Lufty Hari Susanto (horses/run)

10. Didik Dwi Wahyudi (a dog/dig)

11. Anti Mulyanti (dogs/dig)

12. Ela Nurlaela (a bear/eat)

13. Desti Sukmawati (bears/eat)

14. Rumanah (a lion/sleep)

15. Dessy Endriyani Saputri (lions/sleep)

16. Devi Apriasi (an ant/feed)

17. Ema Hermawati (ants/feed)

18. Ilham Maulana (a plant/grow)

19. Tri Handari (plants/grow)

20. Wellda Auliya Fitriani (a crocodile lay)

21. Irma Susilawati (crocodiles/lay)

22. Daniar Kurniasih Darma (the earth/shrink)

23. Aan Nurdiana (water/flow)

24. Ismaswati (a lizard/crawl)

25. Didik Indra H (lizards/crawl)

26. Raswan (a monkey/swing)

Don’t forget to write the article and its resource (the website) together with this task.

Remember, this is individual work not a class work. So, do your best.

population

Vocabulary and Reading Section

A. Read the following text without a dictionary, and try to get the message. Don’t worry if you don't know some of the words.

Organism of the same kind that lives together in the same habitat is called a population. In the population the organisms can interbreed and produce their own kind. For example, all the grasshoppers in the garden will make a population. They stay in the garden which is their habitat and can interbreed and produce within their population. The ants, spiders and butterflies also make their own population in the garden. Here in the garden, within their population, they will breed and reproduce new ones. A population of a certain organism may decrease or increase in size. If the environmental resistance is low, the population will increase in its size. For example, rabbits in Australia were brought in by British immigrants. When they were first introduced to Australia, the population of rabbits in Australia multiplied in size because there were no natural predators of rabbits in Australia. However, if the environmental resistance is high, a population will decrease in size. For example, the panda that lives in China only feeds on one special kind of bamboo. The size of the population is kept constant by the constant amount of this bamboo in their habitat. However, the panda population has decreased drastically and now they face extinction because of the shortage of this bamboo as their food. More and more land from their habitat is being cut down for agriculture purposes.

Now, answer the following questions based on the text you have read.

1. What is a population?
2. What populations live in the garden?
3. Why does a population decrease?
4. Why did the population of rabbits increase in Australia?
5. What does:

o ‘their’ in line 2 refer to?

o ‘they’ in line 4 refer to?

o ‘new ones’ in line 7 refer to?

o ‘they’ in line 10 refer to?

o ‘this’ in line 16 refer to?

Grammar Review

What kind of English tense is used in the following sentences?

1. All the grasshoppers in the garden will make a population.
2. The ants, spiders and butterflies also make their own population in the garden.
3. The population of rabbits in Australia multiplied in size.
4. The panda population has decreased drastically.
5. People are cutting down the land for agricultural purposes.

Writing Section

Make one sentence for each of the following words.

1. population (noun)
2. habitat (noun)
3. breed (verb)
4. environmental (adjective)
5. natural (adjective)

Translation Section

Translate the following story.

Several men were sitting around bragging about how smart their dogs are.

“My dog is so smart,” said the first one, “that I can send him out to the store for eggs. He sniffs around the boxes and refuses to accept any boxes unless they are fresh.”

“My dog is so smart,” said the second man, “that he goes out for cigars, and he always comes home with my favorite brand.”

The two men turned to a third man who had been sitting quietly. “Have you ever heard of any dog that is as smart as ours?” asked the first man.

“Well, only one dog. Mine.”

“How is that?”

“My dog runs the store where your dogs go shopping.”